雅思写作中的常用连接词总结（精选10篇）
这里是1级文库细心的小编老李给大伙儿找到的雅思写作中的常用连接词总结（精选10篇），欢迎参考阅读。
这是自己备考雅思过程中总结的，也附带了一些常用词组与句式。其中不少是从英文原著中总结的地道表达，比如《Justice,what's the right thing todo》。尤其是逻辑连接词，掌握后，就达到了“独上高楼，望尽天涯路”的境界，哈哈，之后就用起来随心所欲不逾矩了。一起来看看史上最全雅思写作逻辑连接词吧！
史上最全雅思写作逻辑连接词
因为雅思作文重在论述，论述重在逻辑，逻辑的表现就是逻辑连接词。灵活而不重样地使用这些词汇，即代表着语法的游刃有余，也代表着逻辑的清晰明了。
______ART 1逻辑连接词_____
_
##1.1 让步###
1. Despite+n/ving = in spite of 尽管。 (不能加句子)
Despite the fact that + 句子(太累赘)
Despite myself, … 情不自禁地…
Her words were so satirical(讽刺的)that I lost my temper in spite ofmyself。
2. Although(更书面)= though(更口语) =even if (即使，更偏假设性)=eventhough(虽然，更偏事实性)+句子
注：不能与but连用。
Devoted though we are to prosperity and freedom, we cannot shakeoff the judgmental strand of justice.用倒装
3. No matter how/what/who等= 疑问句+ever
No matter who/Whoever you are, you must keep the law.
注意：疑问句+ever 可以引导名词性从句
Whoever(≠ no matter who)comes will be welcome.
4. …, as long as…
You can do what you want, as long as you like.
5. 名词/表语/动词+ as(though)倒装，。。。，表“纵使”
Object as/though you may, I’ll go。
Small as atoms are, they are made up of still smaller units。
Lover of towns as I am, I realize that I owe a debt to my earlycountry life.
6. Whether…or… 正反两方面，。。。表“不论。。。与否”
Whether you believe it or not, it's true.
You'll have to attend the ceremony whether you're free or busy.
7. Notwithstanding +sth尽管
But notwithstanding its ancient lineage, it is open to thefollowing challenge.
8. albeit 虽然即使
You are to be given one method of communication with your rival,albeit indirect communication.
9. Be原型+主语+表语(n, adj)= whether+主语+be动词+表语(n,adj)。不论。一文学性强的虚拟语气，表让步。
Be it historical tradition, faith and culture, or social system,values and level of development, those countries or regions areoften different from one another.
###1.2 原因###
Since
As
Because
Attribute…to…把。。。归因于。。。
He attributed the opposition to a deep-seated attitude inmilitary.
The reason why+结果/ that+原因
Greed is the reason why they do not deserve the money.
Sth would explain why …
For this reason
Be due to
Owing to sth 介词
Owe to sth 动词
Account for=result in 表示导致
Systematic economic forces account for the disastrous loses.
###1.3 目的###
So
So that
Should law be neutral towards competing conceptions of virtue, sothat people can be free to choose for themselves the best way tolive?
To do sth,…
To answer it, we have to explore the meaning of justice.
In order to
In order to determine who deserves what, we have to determine whatvirtues are worthy of honor and reward.
###1.4 结果###
Accordingly
Therefore
Excessive greed is therefore a vice that a good society shoulddiscourage if it can.
Result in
This outcome will result in children starting bullying youngerones.
Thus
Hence
So
Consequently
As such
###1.5 时间###
When+句子
While+句子
Once+句子，一旦
Once the age of reason is reached, children can be rewarded forgood behavior and discouraged from bad.
As
As we encounter new situations, we move back and forth between ourjudgement and principles, revising each in light of the other.
###1.6 转折###
However,
Yet 轻微转折
And yet we worry when judgments about virtue finds their way intolaws.
On the contrary
Rather than. 并不是并没有， 前后的词性一样
This policy might lead them to stay in harm’s way rather than fleeto safety.
Rather than press for maximum advantages, people look out for oneanother.
Instead,
表示对上述方式的完全反转
Instead, a just society respects each people’s freedom to choosehis or her own conception of the
good life.
Instead of
While
Whereas
Conversely
Nevertheless
###1.7 类比###
just as/like
Similarly,
As …
They have sacrificed as surely, and as honorably, as those who havelost a limb.
The same as
Tourists find this park just the same as the one they visitedpreviously.
###1.8 对比###
While既可以对比相反的东西，也可以对比稍有不同的
Ancient theories start with virtue while modern theories start withfreedom.
By contrast, 对比之下
The virtue argument, by contrast, rests on the judgment that greedis a vice that state should
discourage.
Likewise
Compared with/to
More…than…
On the other hand
By comparison/contrast
In comparison with 介词
This essay will briefly review the cons and pros of imprisonment incomparison with job training.
Alternatively
###1.9 递进###
Furthermore
In addition to sth,
In addition to outlining the causes of this problem, this essaywill also propose solutions.
Besides,
In addition,
What’s more
Apart from…
Moreover
###1.10 举例###
The likes of 就像
Such as
Like
Their purchases of necessities
like safe lodging are forced.
In some instances. 在某些情况中
…is a case in point. 正在点儿上，指例子可以很好地阐述这个观点
Here is a case where…指出例子
Here is a case where the economy as a whole seemed to outweighconsiderations of fairness.
For instances,
For example
###1.11 假设###
If
If its price is higher, manufacturers will find it worth theirwhile to produce more goods.
Given/provided+名词， 考虑到、假如
###1.12 解释，转述###
In other words,
Prosperity matters, in other words, because it contributes to ourwelfare.
That is, that is to say
i.e.
mean that
###1.13 并列###
And
As well as
关于，至于。
In terms of/ regarding/concerning/ talking about/speaking of/whenit comes to sth/as for/for
###1.14 说明观点###
###认为/支持/反对
###认为：
Argue that.有“争论到”之意，用于对陈述相反观点
Some economists argued that the law was misconceived.
Believe that
Some believed that the exchange of goods should be governed by ajust price.
Acknowledge that.
承认，一般表示某人承认，之后会转折
I have to acknowledge that it has the advantage of highefficiency.
It is true that…but…用于承认一方后，强调另一方
Maintain that
Defenders of this law maintain that, under certain conditions, thefree market is not truly free.
Hold that
Many people hold that government should be neutral on matters ofvirtue and vice.
Insist that
Those who insist that only bleeding wounds should be count believethat …
Claim that声称
The veteran’s group claimed that doing so would “debase” thehonor.
Point out
As he points out, buyers under duress have no freedom.
Be of the opinion that
I am of the opinion that car ownership should be discouraged.
From a personal point of view,..
From a personal point of view, it is essential to reducenon-essential travel.
Conviction，坚信
My firm conviction is that punishment does not has much of a roleto play in this.
Consider…(to be).认为。。。如何
Some people favor abortion rights, and others consider abortion tobe murder.
Whereas some consider it an form of reverse discrimination againstpeople who deserve admission on their merits.
sb’s point is that…某人的意思是
Plato’s point is that to grasp the meaning of justice and thenature of the good life, we must rise above from the prejudices androutines of everyday life.
###支持：
Support
Favor sth/doing sth
The captain favors including mental injuries.
Advocates/defenders/proponents 反对者、支持者
Defend sth捍卫，支持
Some defend affirmative actions in college admissions as a way ofrighting past wrongs.
###反对：
Argue against. 反对
Jeff, a pro-market commentator writing the book Boston Globe,argued against this law.
Reject
反对某种观点/行为
Jim rejected the notion that these “unconscionable” pricesreflected a truly free exchange.
A civilized country should reject the torture of terrorsuspects.
The argument for or against sth. 对某话题的支持/反对观点
We should also consider one further argument for this law.
Oppose sth/sb/doing
A veteran’s group opposed awarding the medal for psychologicalinjuries.
Disagree
Citizens of pluralist societies disagree about such things?
Disagree with
Therefore I have to disagree almost entirely with the givenstatement.
Opponents 反对者，是名词
Not surprisingly, the opponents of this law invoke these twosimilar arguments for free markets.
###表示优点缺点
advantages and disadvantages
Its advantages overweight its disadvantages.
pros and cons
strengths and weaknesses
merits and demerits
sth do more good than harm
benefits and problems
Even if high prices call forth a greater supply of goods, thisbenefit has to be weighed against the burden such prices impose onthose least to afford them.
On the plus/positive/negative side
On the downside
###做结论
Conclude that.
So we can conclude that ….
In brief/in summary/conclusion
To summarize
###根据
According to/Based on
According to the textbook context, this question divides ancientand modern political thought.
###引出话题
It is said that…据说
It seems that
The focus of … is on sth.
The focus of this essay is on the causes of and solutions to thisproblem.
______ART 2 重要句式结_____
_
则：主谓宾是骨头，逻辑连接词是骨头间的韧带，其他修饰词则是肌肉。
名词从句=名词
What I am proficient in is ancient Chinese literature.
That’s where he met me.
Those
Those+adj/ving/ved/to v/介词，代表一类人或物
All those eligible will receive a cash handout.
The new law clearly benefits those earning the most money.
Only 18 percent of those surveyed opposed the idea.
I'm going to sort these old books into those to be kept and thoseto be thrown away.
Have some consideration for those without a job.
Those+从句who(人)/which(物)/whose(表归属)/in which(表位置)，Those相当于一个名词
Only those who had booked in advance were allowed in.
We must try to find out those which may be attacked mosteasily.
This disease is more likely to strike those whose immune systemsare already below par.
The poems which he wrote in the countryside are generally agreed tobe those in which he found his true voice.
He who can be a best servant can be a best leader.
在句子中，任何名词随时都可以用 ved/ving/介词/形容词来修饰，可以使得单句也有复杂结构，却比定语从句简单
疑问词+to+v
I am considering how to manage this assignment But who is to judgewhat is virtue and what is vice?
动词分词做定语(ving, ved),可以替代定语从句
His work as a consultant consisted in advising foreign companies onthe siting of new factories.
句子，especially+名词或者从句。 这样可以对句子进行更加精确的描述。
Members of a competitive team can always keep them motivated,especially when confronted with tough situation and fiercecompetition.
…, if any. (表示如果有…的话)
State your hypothesis or theory, if any.
What, if anything, should the law do about it?
Rather, 单独出现表示“更准确的说”
Rather, parents should employ a variety of methods to disciplinetheir children.
用插入语。 补充信息，增强节奏感：两种形式：逗号或者横线隔开
But in a market society, the economists observed, prices are set bydemand and supply.
They are no more “special” or “fair” than other prices that marketconditions—including
those promoted by a hurricane—may bring about. 补充信息。
Higher prices have the advantages, economists argued, of limitingthe use of such things by consumers. 转述说的话时，“某某说”可以做插入语。
Jeff, a pro-market commentator writing the book Boston Globe,argued against this law on similar grounds. 对身份的补充。
Many people, including those who support this law, find the virtueargument discomfiting. 包含的对象的具体说明。
All they ever see is the play of shadows on the wall, a reflectionof objects they can never apprehend. 同位语，用以解释或者补充前面的名词
To do sth 作主语
To punish a very young child is both wrong and foolish.
By doing sth, … 表示做事的方式途径
By providing incentives for suppliers to produce more of the neededgoods, it do more good than harm.
副词开头，句子。节奏感强
Not surprisingly, the opponents of this law invoke these twosimilar arguments for free markets.
Doing/To do A is not doing/to do B. 做A并不是做B. 表示从反面对A的补充
To acknowledge the moral forces of virtue argument is not to insistit must always prevail over competing considerations.
特殊的定语从句，介词+which定语从句与介词的妙用，这需要动词与介词本身就是固定搭配
It is about cultivating the attitudes and the qualities ofcharacters, on which a good society depends.
Cannot …without…没有。。。就不能。。。
Aristotle maintains that we cannot figure out what a justconsideration is without first reflecting of the most desirable wayof life.
主语倒装句
At the heart of the disagreement are rival conceptions of moralcharacter.
Underlying the phenomenon was a profound reason.
Sth is not (that)…but (that)…,
成分要一致，是。。。而不是。。。
The public’s objection to the bonuses is not that they reward greedbut that they reward failure.
The answer is that moral reflection is not a solitary pursuit but apublic endeavor.
构词形式：A-被动： 被A。。。的
A market-driven society
A knowledge-based economy
副词+形容词
Financially better-off
Do 用于动词前表示强调
He did want them to take responsibility for their failure.
反问，表示强烈语气
Couldn’t it be argued that难道不能认为。。。，
How can it be。。 怎么可能。。
What would sth be if…如果…sth 会怎样？
With+ved/ving/to do/sth,
动词分词前置或者后置：ved, 句子，ving…
Awarded the Noble Prize, Yoyouyou become known by public, makingher the most influential figure of this year.
Confronted with this situation, we…..
Socrates suggests that, having glimpsed the sun, only thephilosopher is fit to rule the cave dwellers, if he can somehow becoaxes into the darkness where they live.
用虚拟语气(动词用过去式)，表示未发生或者假想发生的事儿
Let us not forget either that…咱们也不要忘记。。。
Let us forget either that traditional products, whether these bemedicines or food, provide employment for local people.
______ART 3 词组与句子搭配_____
_
nclude but not limited in sth
We welcome potential candidates including but not limited those whohave affluent experience in education.
Both...and ….(两者都)
Now women work both before and after having their children.
Either…or…(肯定句中标两者选其一，否定句中表两者都不)
Either you or I am wrong.
Neither…nor…(两者都不)
Neither he nor she is at home today.
The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, butit will never forget what they did here.
There is no such thing as _. 并没有这种叫_的
There is no such thing as a “just price”。
Too…to….太。。。以至于不能。。。
His boss is too hard to get along with.
It is worthwhile/worth one’s while/worth while doing(=worth doing)/to do something(= worthy to do sth).
Be worth+名词形式(名词，doing sth)
Be worthy to do sth/ of doing sth
If its price is higher, manufacturers will find it worth theirwhile to produce more goods.
It points out a moral argument worth seriously taking.
Sb get sth done. /sth get done. 表示sth 被怎么样。
It is how goods and services get allocated in a free society.
引出问题
The debate about sth raises hard questions of …
Take advantage of 利用使用
Is it wrong for sellers of goods and services to take advantage ofa natural disaster by charging whatever the market will bear?
Not only(simply)…, (but) also…
These questions are not only about how individuals should treat oneanother. They are also about what the law should be, how societyshould be organizes.
More than. 不单单
Over the last decade, the prices more than doubled. But the outrageat this behavior is more
than mindless anger. More than a personal vice, it is at odds withcivic virtue.
The question is … /the problem with… is that问题是
The question is whether, or to what extent, people are free ratherthan forced.
Mean that+从句，mean doing sth意味着
Aristotle teaches that justice means that giving people what theydeserve.
It is … that/to do…
So it is understandable that people are not keen to reward it.
The line between A and B..
The line between success and failure is clear.
Have a hard time doing sth. 艰难地做某事
I have a hard time understanding the public’s furry.
Once and for all一劳永逸
Political philosopher cannot resolve these arguments once and forall.
Turn to doing sth转而做某事
People turn to buying new brands.
Have access to sth
Some may argue that all people are entitled to have access to thesame products.
Tell/distinguish…from…/ Tell/distinguish the difference between Aand B.
Have long been 很早就。。。
There has long been controversy about the negative effects oftravelling by cars
否定或者消极的陈述，let alone …。更不用说。。。
He cannot read an article fluently, let alone write a decentessay.
雅思写作范文：快餐和传统食品的区别
Discuss the difference between fast food and traditional food, such as nutrition, and recipe?
Living in a fast-paced society, the modern eaters are not longer interested in the contents of their food, but focused on whether a convenient meal is available at hand to devour. Statistics indicate that even housewives spend much shorter time at kitchen than their predecessors. This writing will compare and contrast advantages and disadvantages of fast food and traditional food.
Traditional food has its unshakable position in the human culture both in the social and historical context. Historically, chefs have gone to all lengths to experiment on novelties, invent cooking skills to gratify guests' hunger. Hence, traditional food has secured its incomparable value with a complex of tantalising features, including the variance, flavour, and taste. Its unique charms can nurture social relations as well. A family is accustomed to prepare a traditional feast to serve their guests at weekend or on holiday, such as Christmas.
Further, traditional food is favourably nutritious and balanced, compared with fast food. Dieticians have suggested audience through millions of televised courses that traditional food can retain more nutrition before being served on the table, for in general, they are cooked with a temperate heat. By contrast, the fast food are made at such a high temperature that nutrition has inescapably vaporised during the cooking process. Meanwhile, cooks pay more attention to the balance of recipe when preparing traditional food, such as combing meat with vegetable.
Despite a range of advantages, traditional food is overshadowed by its fast competitor in terms of time. Traditional food can consume a considerable amount of time from choosing materials, to arranging your table for visual appeal. In contrast, fast food cannot be faster when making a five-minute trip to a store around the corner, or even dialling to a fast food company. Needless to say recently, a string of fast food companies have tried their hardest to enrich the menu.
To summarise, traditional food has an irreplaceable role in our life, backed with various merits. However, its prevalence is declining for people are more and more time conscious.
Overshadow=eclipse=obscure:使黯然失色 His performance has eclipsed his predecessor's success.
Go to all lengths:竭尽全力地做某件事情
By comparison=in contrast=by contrast: 对比来说，
Compared with A=in contrast to A :和A对比来说，
On the contrary=conversely: 相反
雅思写作范文：儿童教育应群教还是因材施教
Some people think educate children of different abilities together will benefit them. others think intelligent children should be taught separately and give special courses, discuss both side and give own opinion!
Endowed by different talents, every individual is contributing to our society in different ways. Therefore, to treat every student equally is a common practice at existent schools; however, there is a tendency of growing popularity that schools are oriented by producing “elite students”。 It has aroused fierce controversies, for which reason I suggest that schools should keep their traditional strategy unchanged.
To begin with, to separate students according to their individual competence can injure their personality development. Some seemingly intelligent students are instilled with a sense of superiority. Consequently, they place themselves over the rest of the class, but some findings have indicated that those are of great wise are not necessarily of great use.
Secondly, to categorise students with a rigid rule can spur the rivalry between students, which is harmful for the academic atmosphere of a school. Schools are prestigious because of their inborn ability to provide children a relaxing and cooperative environment to study. To treat gifted children different would inescapably upgrade the competition between children. Arguments or infightings thus escalate.
Admittedly, to devise particular courses for a certain group of students can find their way to benefit students' future. Some students have advanced their special interests in some subjects, such as philosophy, astronomy, and geography, to mention but a few. Those subjects, in general, demand fewer practitioners, compared with other profitable subjects, e.g., business, computer, and graphic design, etc. However, as emphasised before, it is rational to leave students options to choose, instead of forcing an inflexible rule
In brief, to train students for specific purpose might be beneficial in some sense, but to coach them together is more favourable a strategy.
Endowed=gifted 被赋予。(一般接天赋，能力一类的词)
Environment-friendly (adj.) 有利环境的
Profit-oriented=profit-driven (adj.) 以盈利为目的的
Environment-interested (adj.) 对环境感兴趣的
Environment-conscious (adj.) 具备环境意识的
Rigid=inflexible=strict=rigorous=relentless: 严厉的，没有任何余地的， (一般形容法律，秩序)
雅思写作中常见的连接词总结
表示并列的雅思作文连接词：First / second / last, also, and, as well as, at the same time, equally important
句子： It seems that the experience we have in life are so unpredictable and so powerful, that they can boost or over-ride other influences, and there seems to be plenty of research findings to confirm this.
表示递进的雅思作文连接词：furthermore, in addition, moreover
句子： It is true that it is only those who reach the top of their profession who can get these huge salaries. They are, in effect, rare talents. Furthermore, the majority of stars do not hold their top positions long.
表示举例的雅思作文连接词：as, for example, for instance, in fact, such as, that is, to illustrate
句子： The majority of stars do not hold their top positions long. Sport stars and pop stars, for example, are soon replaced by the next younger, more energetic generation, while the good looks of most film stars quickly fade.
雅思写作学习中，考生们一定要重视雅思写作题目以及雅思写作模板的总结，这样当同学们遇到一个写作题目时脑子里就会有东西写。
表示态度的雅思作文连接词：strangely enough, undoubtedly, fortunately, unfortunately, most importantly, surprisingly
句子： However, reaching the conclusion that change is inevitable is not the same as assuming that “change is always for the better”。 Unfortunately, it is not always the case that new things are promoted because they have good impacts on the majority of people
表层次：First; Second; What’s more; In addition; Apart from this; Last but not least;
表观点： Personally; In my opinion; As far as I am concerned; As far as I know; What I want to stress is that…(我想强调的是…); … hold the opinion that… 某人持有…的主张； According to sb, …依照某人的观点看，…;
表转折： However, …… ; …., but …
表让步： Although/ Though, …; Despite the fact that…;
表因果： Because/ As…..; Since/ Now that, …Therefore, …; …., thus,…; …., so… ;
表递进： not only…, but also…; …as well as;
表概括： In a word; In short; To sum up;
连词 如but, and,后接句子，连接并列句时前面逗号可有可无。当然连词也可放句首，这一点在考官范文里有很多体现。
例：In the past, populations were partly regulated by frequent war and widespread disease, but in recent years the effects of those factors have been diminished. (并列句中的连词) 段落开始： But how should it be achieved ( 连词放句首)
介词 如before, despite：后接名词或动名词 例：Before talking about the essential role of death penalty, you have to think about the meaning, and the purpose, of any kind of punishment.
副词 副词连接并列句，前面用句号或分号，后面用逗号(当然，如果副词前用句号，那就是另起一句了，不称之为并列句) 例：In many places today, children start primary school at around the age of six or seven. However, because it is more likely now that both parents work, there is little opportunities for children to stay in their own home up to that age.( 副词另起一句) The crime rate is increasingly high; therefore, the government needs to enforce more laws to curb this situation. ( 副词在并列句中)
短语 如on the contrary, in addition：用法和副词用法完全一样 例：They feel this is one area of life where they have the right to make decisions for themselves. For that reason, it would seem that the best approach would be work by persuasion rather than compulsion. The government plays a crucial role in scientific research; on the other hand, private companies hold certain advantages in conducting scientific research. ( 短语在并列句中)
掌握连接词的四大词性及用法以后，连接词的教学和运用就容易展开。我们可以参看考官范文，看看各类关系的时候考官如何使用连接词，使文章凸显出来。
剑桥雅思考官写作范文之Environmental protection
本文的题目是关于argue 是否 Environmental problems should be solved by the government instead of individuals and private companies的。
Topic: Environmental problems should be solved by the government instead of individuals and private companies. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
题目：环境问题应该有政府来解决，而不是个人和私营企业。你是否赞同该观点？
剑桥雅思考官写作范文：
Environmental protection is no doubt a major issue confronting the modern society with the development of new technologies and the explosion of world population. While the issue is certainly relevant to each individual citizen and all the companies, some people contend that only the government should be concerned about protecting the environment. I concede that the government should lead the efforts in addressing the environmental problems. Nevertheless, cooperation and participation from the corporations and individual citizens are essential as well.
There is no doubt that the government is the agency that should play the leading roles in solving the environmental problems. To begin with, with the power to collect taxes from individual citizens and private companies, the government have the financial resources that are necessary to deal with environmental issues. In addition, the government may formulate policies to provide incentives for the companies and individuals to reduce the amount of pollution caused by their activities. Finally, the government is the only institution that may enact laws related to environmental problems.
On the other hand, without the cooperation and participation of individual citizens and private companies, the government's efforts to protect the environment would not be effective. For example, the government may launch a campaign to educate the public about the desirability of driving compact cars for reducing the air pollution. The campaign would make little difference if the individuals pay little attention to the information or do not care about the environment at all. Nor would the government's goal be achieved if the car manufacturers do not produce more compact cars for the market. In other words, the government alone cannot solve the problem of environment. It takes the collaborative efforts from individual and corporate citizens to improve the situation.
In conclusion, I agree that the government should take the responsibility to lead the society in addressing the problems of environmental pollution as it has the power and resources necessary to do so. Nonetheless, individual citizens and private companies have to be engaged if the government is to accomplish anything.
剑桥雅思考官写作范文之children are engaged in some kind of paid work
本文的题目是关于argue 是否 Environmental problems should be solved by the government instead of individuals and private companies的。
Topic:In many countries children are engaged in some kind of paid work. Some people regard this as completely wrong, while others consider it as valuable work experience, important for learning and taking responsibility. What are your opinions on this?
题目：在许多国家孩子们会被雇佣做一些有偿的工作。一些人认为这样是错的，而另一些人则认为这是非常价值的工作体验，对学习和承担责任方面有着重要意义。你的观点呢？
剑桥雅思考官写作范文：
The issue of children doing paid work is a complex and sensitive one. It is difficult to say who has the right to judge whether children working is 'wrong' or 'valuable'. Opinions will also differ as to 'learning' benefits; no doubt teachers and factory owner, for example, would have varying concerns.
An important consideration is the kind of work undertaken. Young children doing arfuous and repetitive tasks ona factory production line, for example, areless likely to be 'learning' than older children helping in an old people's home. There are health can safety issues to be considered as well. It is an unfortunate fact that many employers may prefer to use the services of children simply to save money by paying them less than adults and it is this type of exploitation that should be discouraged.
However, in many countries children work because their families need the additional income, no matter how small. This was certainly the case in the past in many industrialized countries, and it is very difficult to judge that it is wrong for children today to contribute to the family income in this way.
Neverthless, in better economic circumstances, few parents would choose to send their children out to full-time paid work. If learning responisbilities and work experience are cnosidered to be important, then children can acquire these by having light, part-time paid work or even doing tasks such as helping their parents around the family home, which are unpaid, the undoubtedly of value in children's development.
剑桥雅思考官写作范文之Major influence on your personality
Topic是Research indicates that the characteristics we are born with have much more influence on your personality and development than any experiences we may have in our life. Which do you consdier to be the major influence?
Topic: Research indicates that the characteristics we are born with have much more influence on your personality and development than any experiences we may have in our life. Which do you consdier to be the major influence?
题目：研究显示，我们与生俱来的特点对我们的影响比后天的得到的经验大。那你认为什么是最大的影响因素呢？
剑桥雅思考官写作范文：
Today the way we consider human psychology and mental development is heavily influenced by the genetic sciences. We now understand the importance of inhereited characteristics more than ever before. Yet we are still unable to decide whether an individual's personality and development are more influenced by genetic factors (nature) or by the envrionment (nurture).
Research, relating to identical twins, has highlighted how significant inherited characteristics can be for an individual's life. But whether these characteristics are able to develop within the personality of an individual surely depends on whether the circumstances allow such a development. it seems that the experiences we have in life are so unpredictable and so powerful, that they can boost or over-ride other influences, and there seems to be plenty of research findings to confirm this.
My own view is that there is no one major influence in a person's life. Instead, the traits, we inherit from our parents and the situations and experiences we have in life are constantly interacting. It is the interacting of the two that shapes a person's personality and dictates how that personality develops. If this were not true, then we would be able to predict the behaviour and character of a person from the moment they were born.
In conclusion, I do not think that either nature or nurture is the major influence on a person, but that both have powerful effects. How these factors interact is still unknown today and they remain largely unpredictable in a person's life.
1. First, Firstly, In the first place, First of all
○ Firstly, she mentioned that she would be on time for the meeting but she wasn’t.
首先，她提到她会准时参加会议，但她没有。
2. Second, Secondly, In the second place
○ Secondly, we all noted how well she did in that physics exam.
其次，我们都注意到她物理考试考得很好。
3. Third, Thirdly, In the third place
○ Third, you can always just claim that you didn’t see the missed call from him.
第三，你可以声称你没有看到他打错的电话。
4. Last, Lastly, Last of all
○ Last of all, it may be important to schedule the next meeting and delegate tasks.
最后，安排下一次会议和委派任务可能很重要。
5. For one thing
○ For one thing, dogs are completely loyal to their owners.
首先，狗对主人是完全忠诚的。
6. To begin with
○ To begin with, how about you consider making a different choice.
首先，你可以考虑做一个不同的选择。
7. For another thing
○ For another thing, your choice may not be incorrect just not currently applicable right now.
另一方面，你的选择可能是正确的，只是现在不适用。
8. In addition
○ I stopped by Lisa’s apartment to check in on her, in addition I called her on her mobile phone but she didn’t respond.
我顺道去了丽莎的公寓看看她，还打了她的手机，但她没有回应。
9. Also
○ It is pouring rain outside Kate, also, why are you not dressed in warmer clothes?
凯特，外面下着大雨，你为什么不穿暖和点的衣服呢？
10. Besides
○ Besides us no longer being in communication you are still someone I hold a great deal of respect for.
除了我们不再通信，你仍然是我非常尊重的人。
11. Moreover
○ I thought that smoking cannabis was illegal, moreover, I was certain there were health risks too.
我认为吸食大麻是非法的，而且，我确定它也有健康风险。
12. Furthermore
○ She spoke to Ben last night and all you could hear was yelling and screaming, furthermore, I think they ended their relationship.
她昨晚和本说了话，你能听到的只有大喊大叫，而且，我认为他们结束了他们的关系。
13. Finally
○ Finally, the package I ordered last week on Amazon has finally arrived.
最后，我上周在亚马逊上订购的包裹终于到了。
近义词
1. first= firstly = in the first place = first of all
2. second= secondly = in the second place
3. third= thirdly = in the third place
4. last= lastly = last of all
5. for one thing = at the beginning = at first = above all
6. to begin with = before now, earlier, originally, in the first place
7. for another thing = on the other hand
8. in addition = furthermore, additionally
9. also= in addition, besides, too, likewise, as well, either, moreover
10. besides= unless, in addition to
11. moreover= in addition, furthermore, what’s more, besides, also, then, additionally
12. furthermore= moreover, in addition, what’s more, besides, also, then, additionally
13. finally= eventually, last, lastly, in conclusion
雅思写作表结果的连接语有哪些？
1. Therefore
○ I believe in the cosmos; therefore, I follow astronomy and horoscopes religiously.
我相信宇宙；因此，我笃信天文学和占星术。
○ Progress so far has been very good. We are, therefore, confident that the work will be completed on time.
到目前为止进展十分顺利，所以我们有把握按时完成工作。
2. As a consequence
○ I tried to write two exams on the same day, as aconsequence, I failed one.
我想在同一天写两门考试，结果我有一门挂了。
○ This theory views gravity not as a force but as a consequence of the curved geometry of space and time.
这个理论把重力不是看作一种力，而是空间-时间的几何弯曲的结果。
3. Consequently
○ This poses a threat to agriculture and the food chain, and consequently to human health. 这会对农业和食物链造成威胁，由此而危及人的健康。
○ Flexible workers find themselves in great demand, and consequently gain high salaries.
灵活就业人员发现市场对他们的需求很大，因此能得到高薪。
4. Thus
○ I wasn’t sure I could pass my IELTS exam, thus I decided to hire a tutor.
我不确定我能不能通过雅思考试，所以我决定雇一个家教。
○ We do not own the building. Thus, it would be impossible for us to make any major changes to it.
我们不是这栋楼房的房主，因此不能对它进行大改动。
5. As a result
○ It rains quite often in Europe, as a result, most Europeans tend to vacation in sunnier destinations.
欧洲经常下雨，因此，大多数欧洲人倾向于去阳光更充足的地方度假。
○ During this period, I see some article , as a result, everyone of us has some word which is not to be known.
这段时间，在网上看了好些文章，结果发现，我们每个人都有些无法对他人言讲的东西。
6. Accordingly
○ Umbrellas offer protection during various weather; accordingly, it is good to carry them around when it is hot and raining.
雨伞可以在各种天气下提供保护；因此，在热天和下雨的时候带着它们都是很好的。
○ The cost of materials rose sharply last year. Accordingly, we were forced to increase our prices.
去年材料成本大幅度提高，因此我们被迫加价。
近义词
1. therefore = so, as a result of, for this reason, thus,consequently
2. as a consequence = as a result, in consequence
3. consequently = as a result, therefore
4. thus = so, so that, therefore, consequently
5. as a result = in result, therefore
6. accordingly = therefore
雅思写作15类逻辑连接词汇总
1先后关系 at this time; first; second; at last; next;previously;simultaneously;eventually;last but not least;to begin with;to start with;to end with;finally;since then;first of all;afterwards; following this; preceding this;prior to this
2因果关系 because;because of this;since;as;for;owing to;due to;for the reason that...;in view of;for such areas on; as a result of; therefore;consequently;as a result;thus; hence; so;so that...; in consequence; as a consequence;accordingly;inevitably;under these conditions
3转折关系 but;even so;however;though;even though;independent of;reckless of ;despite that;in spite of that;regardless of;while…yet…;unless...
4并列关系 and;also;too;as well as;either...，or...;both...and...;for one thing...，for another...; meanwhile;at the same time
5递进关系 furthermore;moreover;further;In this way;still; not only...but also...; not...but...;in addition (to);additionally, much more interesting;more specifically;next;besides; as far as... is concerned; moreover;in other words;on one hand...;on the other hand...;even; as a poplar saying goes...;in order to do it...; to make things better(worse);accordingly;
6比较关系(相同点) similarly; in like manner, in comparison with;when compared with;compared with;when in fact...; like...; likewise; similarly important; apart from(doing)...; ... rather than...，by doing so ;both…and...; in the same way;not only...but (also)
7对照关系(不同点) yet; still; for all of that; notwithstanding; rather; neither ... nor; although;though; but; however; something is just the other way around(另一种方式);yet;conversely; unlike; opposed to; as opposed to ; in contrast; by way of;on the contrary;different from this;nevertheless; contrary to; whereas; while
8举例关系 for example; for instance; in this case; namely; as you know;like; such as; a case in point is...; in particular;including...; put it simply;stated roughly;as an illustration;a good example would be...;to detail this, I would like to...; It is interesting to note that...;as proof;take the case of;take…as example;as for;as regards;according to;on this occasion.
9强调关系 in fact;especially;particularly;moreover;naturally; what is particular;not to mention...;believe it or not;undeniably;it is certain/sure that...;by definition;definitely; undoubtedly; without a doubt; in truth;in any event; without reservation;obviously;not only..
10条件关系 if;unless;lest;provided that(考虑到);if it is the case;in this sense;once...;if possible;if necessary;if so;if not all;if anything
11归纳总结 in other words;to put it in a nutshell; in sum; therefore;hence;in short;in brief;to sum up;in conclusion; in summary; to conclude;the conclusion can be drawn that...; in short
12方位关系 beyond; opposite to; adjacent to(毗邻的); at the same place; there; over; in the middle; around; in front of; in the distance; farther; here and there; above;below; at the right; between; on this side
13目的关系 with this object; for this purpose; in order that; in this way;since; so that; on that account;in case; with a view to; for the same reason.
14重申关系 in other words; that is to say; namely;to put it in another way;as I have said;again;once again.
15时间关系 at once; immediately; at length; in the meantime; meanwhile; at the same time;in the end; then; soon; not long after; later; at once; at last; finally; some time ago; at present; all of a sudden; from this time on; from time to time; since then; when; whenever; next point; a few minutes later; formerly; as; once;since; occasionally; in a moment; shortly;whereupon; previously.
雅思大作文如何提炼论点
考生们都知道雅思考官在评判一篇大作文时，除了看文章的结构和语言之外，还很重视这篇文章的主体内容。而中国考生在写essay时常见的一个问题恰恰是考前准备了语言，临场读懂了题目，很快形成了观点，但是却不知该从哪些角度来支持自己的thesis statement。
所以主体段落观点单调，思维陈旧，内容空洞，为达到字数而把一个观点写了再写等问题常常会充斥在文章的body part。这极大地影响了考生的作文成绩。在此，笔者将多年积累的雅思大作文常见论点总结为一首打油诗，以飨读者。
论文观点角度多；
肉体灵魂不放过；
权利平等要把握；
文化道德思路扩；
结合话题多思索；
科技和经济
在雅思论文主体部分写作中，科技角度是使用频率最高的角度。绝大多数作文的话题都可以从科技发展对人的生活带来的影响这个角度来加以分析。例如：
讨论是否将动物用于科学实验：
Development of science and technology has given birth to materialism and capitalism which favor the research for economic growth and freedom of men. Consequently, no spiritual, moral, and traditional values are taken into account.
压力大的原因：
亲情淡漠的原因：
The availability of a great variety of high-tech recreational facilities also diverts people from enjoying chats with the members of their families.
Developing countries lack sufficient numbers of qualified scientists and other skilled personnel to cope with the increasingly serious environmental problems, such as the ozone depletion, the marine pollution and the like.
The development of the telephone created a new market for the employment of women. The position of telephone operators was most often filled by women, creating a new world of opportunities for females to struggle for the equal rights to males.
Another common disadvantage is that playing too much on the computer can cause bad eyesight.
1.高频率的信息切换影响孩子们的耐性。
There is not deny in that with the advent of technology, our patience grows thin.
Media violence affects children by: increasing aggressiveness and anti-social behavior; intensifying their fear of becoming victims; making them less sensitive to violence and to victims of violence; encouraging their appetite for more violence in entertainment and in real life.
For lack of face-to-face contact, modern children tend to be more introverted, unsocial, isolated and indifferent than those kids in last century.
权利和平等
四方的文化在一定程度上可以浓缩为：权利、平等和自由。中国考生在人们该不该做什么事情或行为的时候应该多从这个方面去说服考官。
在写到环境的重要性时，可以说：
All human beings have the fundamental right to an environment adequate for their health and well-being.
在写到小孩子是否应该对自己犯的罪负责时，可以说：
在写到传统的西方道德中对私有财产的尊重时，可以说：
运动员是否应该拿高薪：
Young people’s inexperience and gullibility easily lead then into traps. (个人的原因)
文化和道德
文化和道德本来就是雅四大作文中较难的两个话题，而近来这两个话题考的频率又很高。考生不防也从这两个角度来准备一下主体段落的观点。
反对强势文化入侵：
Globalization might undermine cultural diversity. Multinational corporations promote a certain kind of consumerist culture, in which standard commodities, promoted by global marketing campaigns exploiting basic material desires, create similar lifestyles, which is so-called Coca-Colanization.
The dishonest practice of telling lies will produce a perverse impact on one’s personality.
总之，在大作文的主体段落写作过程中，考生可以将以上的思路结合题目的特点综合应用，切忌生搬硬套。平时在读文章时也要多总结别人的观点角度，而后为我所用。这样定能让你逐渐形成西方的思维习惯，在考试中能才思泉涌，下笔有神。
雅思写作机经使用两大误区
说到机经，雅思考生们一定不会陌生，甚至常常成为津津乐道的话题。所谓机经，其实就是考生对考题的回忆，由于除雅思官方公开发行的剑桥系列之外，考生是无法通过其他渠道获取雅思考试真题的，这时考题回忆，也就是机经，成为了了解考题内容，解析考试动态的唯一途径，其中的写作机经更是重中之重。
然而，在使用雅思写作机经的过程中，发现不少考生存在以下误区：
一、死记硬背
不少考生抱着背水一战的信念，花费大量的时间在机经的收集和相关例文的背诵上，更有甚者，力求每道考题都写一遍，精神可嘉。但是，这种做法无疑是极度费时费力的。如果在考前没有完成所有任务，那么考生心理上就会非常地不安，从而影响考场上正常发挥。
另外，由于考生备考时大量投入，势必希望能够在考场上有所回报，这就很有可能出现生搬硬套的现象，换句话说，如果有相似考题出现，考生肯定会把平时背诵的例文最大可能地往上搬，殊不知目前雅思写作考题不再是单纯的旧题重复，而是在话题相似的基础上改变论证重点和角度，照搬很容易出现偏题现象。
二、投机取巧
部分考生，对写作考题抱有押宝心理，考前不是踏踏实实地准备相关的词汇、句型和写作素材，而是追着老师或者通过网络等各种方式获取预测，准备几篇文章，然后抱着“中奖”心理走上考场。而雅思考试写作出题是从题库中随机抽取的，其“中奖”概率和买彩票是类似的，一旦押宝未中，就只能放弃，所以这类考生纯属玩票性质，在迈入考场之前就早有定局。
面对写作机经，建议考生能够理性对待，合理使用。
关键词一：分类
可将近年的写作机经按话题进行分类，整理相关的表达方式和理由素材。如环境话题，会涉及到环境保护谁来负责，个人、公司、国家还是国际(、、考题)，怎样保护环境(、14年考题)等，总结出共性，从而做到举一反三。
关键词二：区分
根据同类话题的具体考题进行审题练习，区分出论述重点的差异性。雅思中国网海外考试研究中心的写作组专门进行过相似话题的不同点研究，例如，同样是环境话题，2月21日考题Some people think that environmental problems are too big for individuals to deal with. Others, however, think that each individual should take some actions. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.就要求既要讨论到个人能够采取何种行动解决一些环境问题，也要讨论为什么有些环境问题个人无法解决(即只有政府或公司才能解决)，而非大而泛的怎样保护环境话题。
关键词三：练笔
写作机经的考题是最真实、最原汁原味的，考生可以用这些题目来进行考前练笔，同时和专业教师以及相关权威书籍材料提供的范文进行比对，找出差距，查漏补缺，争取在原有的基础上更进一步。
总之，避免盲目迷信，学会科学有效地使用写作机经，定能在考雅道路上助广大考生一臂之力。
一、And 并列关系
(and)in addition/and/similarly/likewise/as well as/besides/furthermore/also/moreover/too/not only ... but/even/besides this/that
二、Sequence 顺序 (then)
出现的时候表示列举
first/initially/second etc./to begin with/then/next/earlier/later/following this/that/afterwards
三、Consequence 结果 (so)
前面是后面的结果/也就是这些词后面就开始给出结论了
as a result/thus/so/therefore/consequently/it follows that/thereby/eventually/in that case/admittedly
四、Contrast 转折 (but )
表对前面论述的转折/一般后面才是作者观点
however/on the other hand/despite/in spite of/though/although/but/on the contrary/otherwise/yet/instead of/rather/whereas/nonetheless/in contrast
1. for one thing, for another, above all things;
2. to begin/start with, next/besides/moreover, last/finally;
3. in the first place, in the second, in the third, (and) best of/worst of all; 4. one of these, another,(there is) still another(reason/factor);
1. 首先；其次；重要的是；
2. 首先；然后/此外/而且；后；
3. ，首先；第二；第三；好的是/糟糕的是；
4. 其中一个；另一个；还有一个(原因/因素);
五、Certainty 确定 (of course)
强烈的确定/后面是作者的坚定论点
obviously/certainly/plainly/of course/undoubtedly
六、Condition 条件/ 因为 (if )
后面跟随着某种情况发生的前提或者是条件。
if/unless/whether/provided that/Given that /for/so that/whether/depending on
七、Time 时间 (when)
before/since/as/until/meanwhile/at the moment/when/whenever/as soon as/just as
八、Summary 总结 (in a word)
作者的最后总结
in conclusion/in summary/lastly/finally/to sum up/to conclude/to recapitulate 重述/in short/in a word
九、Example 举例 (for example)
for example/for instance/just as/in particular/such as/namely 也就是
十、Reason 原因 (because)
since/as/so/because (of)/due to/owing to/the reason why/in other words/leads to/cause
十一、表对比(comparison)
1. but, but on the contrary, but on the other hand, but then;
2. by contrast, in contrast, in contrast with/to, as a contrast to, as opposed to;
3. by contraries, on the contrary, to the contrary, contrary to (A), opposite to, in opposition to;
4. whereas, while, while on the other hand, while on the whole, yet, however;
5. (as) compared with/to, by comparison, in comparison with, by comparison to
6. First..., Next..., Last...;
7. In the first / early / initial / infant period / stage / phase(或In its infancy)..., In the second / middle / adult / ripe period / stage / phase..., In the third / last / closing / later / concluding period...;
8. One step (way/course/approach/secret/trick)..., Another step..., Still another step...;
9. The first measure/step/move..., Next to it comes..., And the last/final/the most important measure...;
10. The direct experience/lesson/factor/way(或One lesson)... The indirect experience/lesson/factor/way(或The other lesson)...
雅思写作连接词之对比转折词语句型介绍：
1. 但是；但相反地；但另一方面；但是接下去；
2. 通过对比；经过对比；经与…对比；作为与…的对比；作为…的对照；
3. 相反；相反；相反；与A相反；与…相反；与…相反；
4. 然而；然而；然而另一方面；然而整体而言；然而；然而；
5. 跟…相比
6. 首先…;其次…;后…;
7. 在个/早期/开始/婴儿时期/阶段；在第二个/中间/成人/成熟时期/阶段；在第三个/后/结束/后面的阶段；
8. 一个措施/方法/做法/秘密/计策是…;另一个措施是…;还有一个措施是…;
9. 个措施是…;接着是…;后一个/重要的措施是…;
10. 直接经验/教训/因素/途径是(一个教训是)…;间接经验/教训/因素/途径是(另一个教训是)… 雅思写作对比转折句型
1. But the obvious (fatal/serious) flaw (defect/drawback) in their argument (attitude/idea/view/action/behavior) is that.../But the basic (main/great/key/ big) problem with their argument (...) is that...
e.g. ...that they are ignorant of (blind to) a bare fact: Social changes have attached new meanings and values to the division between good and bad.
2. But if...it is (not) easy (difficult/hard) to see (find/discover) that ... e.g. But if they adjust their frame of mind a little in the other direction , it is not hard for them to find that life is just as promising as before.
3. Too much emphasis (attention/stress/concern/significance) placed on (given to/focused on/attached to/paid to) the negative (sunny/gloomy/bright) side of the issue, however, may...(如mislead/confuse/cloud/bias/disturb our judgment of it.)A
e.g. ..., however, may mislead us to form a pessimistic estimate of current situations.或。, however, may stop us from rendering (passing/forming/having) a fair (correct/clear/infallible/wise) judgment on it.
4. But in most cases/from the point of view of justice (objectivity)/as a matter of fact/in a very true sense, their (public/general) satisfaction
(dissatisfaction/disillusionment/concern) with...(或their criticism of.../their argument for/against.../their objection to.../their approval for...)can not.../is..., for...
e.g. But in an impartial sense, the public dissatisfaction can not hold every water, for our society is still abundant in goodness and beauty.
5. As a result of..., however, things would/are bound to...
e.g. As a result of such an utter indifference to vicious behavior, however , things would be past saving/mending/all the hope.
雅思写作转折句型介绍：
1. 但他们辩论/态度/观点/看法/行为中的明显/致命的/严重的缺点/缺陷是…;他们辩论的基本/大/主要问题在于…
例：…他们忽视了一个赤裸裸的事实：社会变革给善恶的区分赋予了新的意义和价值。?
2. 但如果…很(不)容易/难发现…
例：但如果他们稍微调整一下思路，就不难发现生活还是跟以前一样前途光明。
3. 然而，对问题负面/正面/阴暗面给予/集中/附加了太多的强调/注意/关注会…(如误导/混淆/掩盖/歪曲/干扰我们对它的判断)
例：然而，…会误导我们对目前的形势形成悲观的估计。或：然而，…会阻碍我们对其形成/有一个正确的/清楚的/无误的/明智的判断。
4. 但大多数情况下/从公正(客观)的角度来看/实际上/真正意义上，他们/公众/对…的满意/不满/幻灭/关注(或：他们对…的批评/他们对…辩解(辩驳)/他们对…的反对/他们对…的支持)不能…/是…，因为…
例：但从公正的角度来看，公众的不满并不都有道理，因为我们的社会仍然充满着善与美。
5. 然而，作为…的结果，事情会注定…
例：然而，作为对不良行为全然漠视的结果，事情将成为过去，希望还在。
雅思写作常用比较关系的连接词
Comparison and contrast 对比关系
标志词 While …,whereas…,whilst…,in contrast
e.g. Whereas/ while modern man is so rushed and so stressed, our ancestors could often perform their business in a relaxed manner.(对比)
现代人的生活是如此的奔忙与紧张，而我们的祖先却可以不慌不忙的从事他们的事务。
e.g. The educational and medical facilities in big cities are mostly very advanced. In contrast, their counterparts in the country tend to be of inferior quality.
雅思写作中的11种连接词总结
一、And 并列关系
(and)in addition/and/similarly/likewise/as well as/besides/furthermore/also/moreover/too/not only ... but/even/besides this/that
二、Sequence 顺序 (then)
出现的时候表示列举
first/initially/second etc./to begin with/then/next/earlier/later/following this/that/afterwards
三、Consequence 结果 (so)
前面是后面的结果/也就是这些词后面就开始给出结论了
as a result/thus/so/therefore/consequently/it follows that/thereby/eventually/in that case/admittedly
四、Contrast 转折 (but )
表对前面论述的转折/一般后面才是作者观点
however/on the other hand/despite/in spite of/though/although/but/on the contrary/otherwise/yet/instead of/rather/whereas/nonetheless/in contrast
1. for one thing, for another, above all things;
2. to begin/start with, next/besides/moreover, last/finally;
3. in the first place, in the second, in the third, (and) best of/worst of all; 4. one of these, another,(there is) still another(reason/factor);
1. 首先；其次；重要的是；
2. 首先；然后/此外/而且；后；
3. ，首先；第二；第三；好的是/糟糕的是；
4. 其中一个；另一个；还有一个(原因/因素);
五、Certainty 确定 (of course)
强烈的确定/后面是作者的坚定论点
obviously/certainly/plainly/of course/undoubtedly
六、Condition 条件/ 因为 (if )
后面跟随着某种情况发生的前提或者是条件。
if/unless/whether/provided that/Given that /for/so that/whether/depending on
七、Time 时间 (when)
before/since/as/until/meanwhile/at the moment/when/whenever/as soon as/just as
八、Summary 总结 (in a word)
作者的最后总结
in conclusion/in summary/lastly/finally/to sum up/to conclude/to recapitulate 重述/in short/in a word
九、Example 举例 (for example)
for example/for instance/just as/in particular/such as/namely 也就是
十、Reason 原因 (because)
since/as/so/because (of)/due to/owing to/the reason why/in other words/leads to/cause
十一、表对比(comparison)
1. but, but on the contrary, but on the other hand, but then;
2. by contrast, in contrast, in contrast with/to, as a contrast to, as opposed to;
3. by contraries, on the contrary, to the contrary, contrary to (A), opposite to, in opposition to;
4. whereas, while, while on the other hand, while on the whole, yet, however;
5. (as) compared with/to, by comparison, in comparison with, by comparison to
6. First..., Next..., Last...;
7. In the first / early / initial / infant period / stage / phase(或In its infancy)..., In the second / middle / adult / ripe period / stage / phase..., In the third / last / closing / later / concluding period...;
8. One step (way/course/approach/secret/trick)..., Another step..., Still another step...;
9. The first measure/step/move..., Next to it comes..., And the last/final/the most important measure...;
10. The direct experience/lesson/factor/way(或One lesson)... The indirect experience/lesson/factor/way(或The other lesson)...
雅思写作连接词之对比转折词语句型介绍：
1. 但是；但相反地；但另一方面；但是接下去；
2. 通过对比；经过对比；经与…对比；作为与…的对比；作为…的对照；
3. 相反；相反；相反；与A相反；与…相反；与…相反；
4. 然而；然而；然而另一方面；然而整体而言；然而；然而；
5. 跟…相比
6. 首先…;其次…;后…;
7. 在个/早期/开始/婴儿时期/阶段；在第二个/中间/成人/成熟时期/阶段；在第三个/后/结束/后面的阶段；
8. 一个措施/方法/做法/秘密/计策是…;另一个措施是…;还有一个措施是…;
9. 个措施是…;接着是…;后一个/重要的措施是…;
10. 直接经验/教训/因素/途径是(一个教训是)…;间接经验/教训/因素/途径是(另一个教训是)… 雅思写作对比转折句型
1. But the obvious (fatal/serious) flaw (defect/drawback) in their argument (attitude/idea/view/action/behavior) is that.../But the basic (main/great/key/ big) problem with their argument (...) is that...
e.g. ...that they are ignorant of (blind to) a bare fact: Social changes have attached new meanings and values to the division between good and bad.
2. But if...it is (not) easy (difficult/hard) to see (find/discover) that ... e.g. But if they adjust their frame of mind a little in the other direction , it is not hard for them to find that life is just as promising as before.
3. Too much emphasis (attention/stress/concern/significance) placed on (given to/focused on/attached to/paid to) the negative (sunny/gloomy/bright) side of the issue, however, may...(如mislead/confuse/cloud/bias/disturb our judgment of it.)A
e.g. ..., however, may mislead us to form a pessimistic estimate of current situations.或。, however, may stop us from rendering (passing/forming/having) a fair (correct/clear/infallible/wise) judgment on it.
4. But in most cases/from the point of view of justice (objectivity)/as a matter of fact/in a very true sense, their (public/general) satisfaction
(dissatisfaction/disillusionment/concern) with...(或their criticism of.../their argument for/against.../their objection to.../their approval for...)can not.../is..., for...
e.g. But in an impartial sense, the public dissatisfaction can not hold every water, for our society is still abundant in goodness and beauty.
5. As a result of..., however, things would/are bound to...
e.g. As a result of such an utter indifference to vicious behavior, however , things would be past saving/mending/all the hope.
雅思写作转折句型介绍：
1. 但他们辩论/态度/观点/看法/行为中的明显/致命的/严重的缺点/缺陷是…;他们辩论的基本/大/主要问题在于…
例：…他们忽视了一个赤裸裸的事实：社会变革给善恶的区分赋予了新的意义和价值。?
2. 但如果…很(不)容易/难发现…
例：但如果他们稍微调整一下思路，就不难发现生活还是跟以前一样前途光明。
3. 然而，对问题负面/正面/阴暗面给予/集中/附加了太多的强调/注意/关注会…(如误导/混淆/掩盖/歪曲/干扰我们对它的判断)
例：然而，…会误导我们对目前的形势形成悲观的估计。或：然而，…会阻碍我们对其形成/有一个正确的/清楚的/无误的/明智的判断。
4. 但大多数情况下/从公正(客观)的角度来看/实际上/真正意义上，他们/公众/对…的满意/不满/幻灭/关注(或：他们对…的批评/他们对…辩解(辩驳)/他们对…的反对/他们对…的支持)不能…/是…，因为…
例：但从公正的角度来看，公众的不满并不都有道理，因为我们的社会仍然充满着善与美。
5. 然而，作为…的结果，事情会注定…
例：然而，作为对不良行为全然漠视的结果，事情将成为过去，希望还在。
雅思写作大作文高分范文：免费教育优缺点
Children’s education is expensive. In some countries, the government pay some of or all of the costs. Do the advantages outweigh its disadvantages?
题目讲解
题型类别： 利弊分析(议论类)
参考思路(先抑后扬法):
承认政府承担教育费用的可能风险：
1. 政府的财政负担加剧；
2. 道德水平较低的家长可能因此逃避责任；
肯定政府支持儿童教育的积极影响：
1. 有效地促进儿童之间教育公平；
2. 长远角度，有利于社会发展和为人民谋福祉
雅思写作大作文范文
In an era of knowledge-based economy, education for all is a valued concept. The impacts of government funding on children's education have aroused widespread controversy. As far as I am concerned, potential benefits of this initiative overshadow its perceived drawbacks.
Admittedly, there may be challenges if governments offer to pay for all children's educational expenses. For one thing, taking full responsibility for next generation's education is likely to incur an enormous financial burden for governments. In other words, governments are accountable for not only education but other public services, such as public transport, health care, and so forth. For another, it is also possible that some parents will take advantage of this policy. To be specific, people who are not morally aware may take it for granted and refuse to contribute to their sons' and daughters' future development, thus failing to play their roles in parenting.
Nevertheless, governments' engagement in children's education brings more profoundly positive impacts.
First and foremost, providing education for children regardless of their races and ethnicities can effectively foster educational equality. For instance, in many underdeveloped areas of the world, multitudes of parents have to work overtime in order to pay mounting bills. In this regard, if governments share some of children's tuition fees and accommodation fees, this will be a real blessing for families that are economically disadvantaged.
Moreover, under no circumstances should authorities downplay and neglect children's education. A convincing example is No Child Left Behind Act in the United States. By investing a considerable amount of money in supporting elementary and secondary education, American government will, in a long term, promote overall social development and well-being of its people.
In brief, children's education deserves financial support from governments. Meanwhile, it should be borne in mind that educating the next generation is a shared obligation for governments as well as individuals.
(Words: 307)
词汇拓展：
knowledge-based economy 知识经济
controversy 争议
overshadow 使…黯然失色
incur 招致
parenting 养育，为人父母
profound 深刻的
mounting 不断积累的
economically disadvantaged 贫困的
downplay 对…轻描淡写
obligation 义务，责任
雅思作文连接词
(2) 表转折：
by contrast although though yet at the same time but despite the fact that even so in contrast nevertheless even though for all that notwithstanding on the other hand otherwise instead still regardless
(3) 表因果：
therefore consequently because of for this reason thus hence due to owing to so
accordingly thanks to on this account since as on that account in this way for
as a result as a consequence
(4) 表让步：
still nevertheless concession granted naturally in spite of all the same of course despite even so after all
(5) 表递进：
furthermore moreover likewise what is more besides also not only…but also…
too in addition
(6) 表举例：
for example for instance for one thing that is to illustrate
(7) 表解释：
as a matter of fact, frankly speaking, in this case, namely, in other words
(8) 表总结：
in summary in a word thus as has been said in brief in conclusion altogether in other words to conclude in fact finally in simpler terms indeed in short in particular that is in other words of course on the whole to put it differently namely in all therefore to summarize
(9) 表强调：
of course indeed surely as a matter of fact above all most important in particular that is to say certainly in fact anyway in this case naturally obviously no doubt actually clearly
(10) 表比较：
in comparison likewise however like similarly equally in the same way unlike
(11) 表时间：
after a while afterward next now again and then presently second as long as at last shortly simultaneously at length at that time since so far before earlier soon still eventually finally subsequently then formerly further thereafter until in the first place in the past until now when last meanwhile lately
如but, and,后接句子，连接并列句时前面逗号可有可无。当然连词也可放句首，这一点在考官范文里有很多体现。
例：In the past, populations were partly regulated by frequent war and widespread disease, but in recent years the effects of those factors have been diminished. (并列句中的`连词)
段落开始： But how should it be achieved? ( 连词放句首)
介词
如before, despite：后接名词或动名词
例：Before talking about the essential role of death penalty, you have to think about the meaning, and the purpose, of any kind of punishment.
副词
副词连接并列句，前面用句号或分号，后面用逗号（当然，如果副词前用句号，那就是另起一句了，不称之为并列句）
例：In many places today, children start primary school at around the age of six or seven. However, because it is more likely now that both parents work, there is little opportunities for children to stay in their own home up to that age.( 副词另起一句)
The crime rate is increasingly high; therefore, the government needs to enforce more laws to curb this situation. ( 副词在并列句中)
短语
如on the contrary, in addition：用法和副词用法完全一样
例：They feel this is one area of life where they have the right to make decisions for themselves. For that reason, it would seem that the best approach would be work by persuasion rather than compulsion.
The government plays a crucial role in scientific research; on the other hand, private companies hold certain advantages in conducting scientific research. ( 短语在并列句中)
第一、And 并列关系
(and)in addition/and/similarly/likewise/as well as/besides/furthermore/also/moreover/too/not only … but/even/besides this/that
第二、Sequence 顺序 (then)
出现的时候表示列举
first/initially/second etc./to begin with/then/next/earlier/later/following this/that/afterwards
第三、Consequence 结果 (so)
前面是后面的结果/也就是这些词后面就开始给出结论了
as a result/thus/so/therefore/consequently/it follows that/thereby/eventually/in that case/admittedly
第四、Contrast 转折 (but )
表对前面论述的转折/一般后面才是作者观点
however/on the other hand/despite/in spite of/though/although/but/on the contrary/otherwise/yet/instead of/rather/whereas/nonetheless/in contrast
第五、Certainty 确定 (of course)
强烈的确定/后面是作者的坚定论点
obviously/certainly/plainly/of course/undoubtedly
第六、Condition 条件/ 因为 (if )
后面跟随着某种情况发生的前提或者是条件。
if/unless/whether/provided that/Given that /for/so that/whether/depending on
第七、Time 时间 (when)
before/since/as/until/meanwhile/at the moment/when/whenever/as soon as/just as
第八、Summary 总结 (in a word)
作者的最后总结
in conclusion/in summary/lastly/finally/to sum up/to conclude/to recapitulate 重述/in short/in a word
第九、Example 举例 (for example)
for example/for instance/just as/in particular/such as/namely 也就是
第十、Reason 原因 (because)
since/as/so/because (of)/due to/owing to/the reason why/in other words/leads to/cause
雅思写作范文：古迹的留存
Should a city try to preserve its old, historic buildings or destroy them and replace them with modern buildings? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
Historic buildings present the history, culture as well as citizens` lives of a city for generations. They are also good places attracting tourists all over the world. Further more, they play important roles in public spirit. Therefore, I think that a city should preserve its historic buildings.
First, historic buildings are useful for studies. For each period of time, there are its typical architectures. Historic buildings reflect those architectures and materials that our predecessors used in construction. By studying them, researchers could get understanding about the evolution of not only construction but also society and culture. History as well as society develops continuously, the later generation bases on and inherits from the former and so on. Hence, understanding about the progress of evolution helps us to know better about humanity. This knowledge can be helpful to improve our lives now and our children`s later.
Additionally, historic buildings bring advantages of tourism. In deed, when visiting a place, tourists are always attracted by historic places such as museums, palaces, or buildings. They are fascinated in something different from their home country or different from daily modern life. By maintaining and preserving historic buildings, governments can attract many tourists to visit their city. Consequently, they can get much benefit from tourism. For example, in China, tourism brings in billions dollar benefit annually, and the government also invests a lot of money in developing tourism, especially in maintaining and caring for historic places. For many countries, tourism becomes the sharpest profession.
The last but not the least, historic buildings are spiritual places. People often go to historic places for ceremony or celebration. They come these places to thank for what their ancestors did for them, and wish good things for them and their children. Nevertheless, people are usually proud of their well-known historic place. For instance, French are so proud of their Eiffel tower, Egypt is famous for its pyramid.
In conclusion, historic buildings are invaluable proofs for social and human development studies. They reflect the evolution of history, culture of an area. They are places of public spirit and bring people pride of their city. Furthermore, they are good places to attract tourists and develop tourism. Hence, it is a very good idea that a city should maintain and preserve its historic buildings.
雅思写作头脑风暴：人们换工作的原因
各位亲爱的烤鸭：
今天给大家带来实战帖！工作遇到问题了？又想跳槽了？先别急，让法老给你分析分析局势！
今年6月21号出现了这样一道考题：An increasing number of people are changing their jobs. What do you think are thereasons? Do you think it is positive or negative? 类似文章题目在剑桥雅思第六册中出现过：Somepeople prefer to spend their lives doing the same things and avoiding change. Others,however, think that change is always a good thing. Discuss both these views andgive your own opinion.《雅思官方指南》中也出现类似题目：Some people work for the same organizationall their working life. Others think that it is better to work for differentorganizations. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.那么我们一起解决一下这个问题吧？
请再读一遍题目(考试的时候读10遍都不算多哦！)An increasing number of people are changing their jobs. What do you thinkare the reasons? Doyouthink it is positive or negative? 陈述部分是：越来越多的人在换他们的工作。问题是：你认为理由是什么？你认为这是积极的还是消极的现象？
那么，接下来的事情就是头脑风暴了。人们为什么要换工作呢？法老认为，无非就这么几个原因：对工作环境不满意，薪水太低，提升空间太小，工作地点离家太远等。烤鸭们选好自己的理由，不要写太多，就抓住一个(最最多两个)理由写好就行了。让我们继续回答下一个问题：你认为这事儿积极还是消极？法老个人认为这事也不完全消极，所以咱就按积极写吧。
头脑风暴之后要好好的给文章做个设计。很多同学问我：老师，考场上哪有时间做这些啊？我的回答是，如果你有下笔入神，随便一写就八九分的实力，请你绕过，不然还是乖乖的列提纲吧。连多了自然就快了。我的很多学生都是两分钟之内就搞定提纲了，这需要练。
文章主题句：人们经常换工作的原因是生活压力加大。
第二段中心句：生活支出变多导致人们不断寻求更高的薪水。
支持句1(理由)：在很多国家(不要只说中国)，房价提升飞速。
支持句2(理由的结果)：人们维持生活开支变多，生活更困难。
支持句3(例子)：在我的家乡，物价飞速提升，同样数额的钱能够买到的东西越来越少。
支持句4(2的结果)：所以当待遇更好的工作出现时，人们就会换工作。
第三段中心句：经常换工作使得自己在职场上更有竞争力。
支持句1(理由)：不同的机构有不同的文化，换工作可以获得多样的工作技能。
支持句2(举例)：如果一位商人成为一名经济学教师，他将有更多的经验可以传授给学生。
支持句3(进一步说明)：当今世界的挑战是多样的，所以职场上获得成功更难。
支持句4(反面说明)：如果不换工作，单一的工作内容不能带来多样性，工作会愈发困难。
第四段中心句：应该鼓励人们经常换工作。
支持句1：经常换工作就能学会应对不同的挑战，从而变得更加有能力。
以上列出的提纲是我的详细说明，考场上用各种只有你自己能看懂的符号表示就可以了！
参考范文如下，大家看看吧。各位烤鸭珍重！咱下期节目见！
Today, we may not be surprised to see thatpeople are frequently changing their occupations (工作). Various reasonscontribute to such a development, but I believe that daily increasing lifestress is mainly responsible for this.
People tend to seek for jobs with higherpay as a result of increasingly higher financial burden(压力). In manycountries around the world, house prices have surged to an astonishing(令人惊讶的) level, whichmakes it more difficult for people to make ends meet(收支平衡) andsupport their families. For example, in my hometown, people can no longerafford things they were able to purchase ten years ago with the same amount ofmoney. So it is easy to understand that people may not hesitate to change theirjobs when another organization offers a higher salary and better incentives.
Moving from one job to another could makean individual more competitive in a range of different fields. Different organizationshave different cultures, strategies(策略) andchallenges, which may provide people with opportunities to acquire variousskills. For instance, when a successful businessperson becomes a collegeprofessor in economics, he may have more real-time experiences to share withhis students compared to those who have never stepped into the business world. Moreover,modern lifestyles mean more diverse challenges in all walks of life, so it ismore difficult to achieve success in the job market. Staying at the sameorganization and doing the same things over and over may restrict(限制) people’s chances to achieve diversity in their career.
In essence, I believe that people should beencouraged to change their jobs as long as it is better for their personaldevelopment. Diversity(多样性) in jobcompetence brings more jobs prospects(前景) and changingoccupations is the best way to gain this.
雅思写作中常见10类连接词错误
雅思表达常见错误1：on the other hand一般引导对比的东西，不等于besides, furthermore, secondly
例子：Many young people enjoy online shopping. on the one hand, it saves the other hand, it saves money.
评讲：save time和save money 是两个并列的有点，没有对比的关系，最好用firstly, secondly。
雅思表达常见错误2：on the contrary以为是In contrast的替换词
例子：The birth rate rose. On the contrary, the infant mortatality ratedropped.
评讲：on the contrary 一般出现的语境是前面出现否定信息。这个词组基本上不用于雅思作文。
雅思表达常见错误3：while, whereas认为是in contrast的替换词
例子：The birth rate rose. While the infant mortatality rate dropped.
评讲：while 是从属连词，要连接两个独立的句子，这里应该是“,while”或者改成“in contrast”
雅思表达常见错误4：besides, furthermore, what’s more, moreover, inaddition被认为是“递进”的连接词
例子：Many people today choose to study in foreign countries. Besides, theycan gain qualifications in foreign universities.
评讲：besides一般引导两个并列的观点，不指代因果关系，这里应该是“because ofthis”比较合理。很有意思的是，有一次我上课问学生什么是“递进”，举个中文的例子给我看，竟然没有学生能够举出恰当的中文例子。可见很多学生学习都是人云亦云，对一些概念其实根本不理解。
雅思表达常见错误5：however被认为是on the other hand的同义词
例子：Working from home has benefited many people. However, it can causeproblems.
评讲：however一般是转折关系，也就是后面的句子意思往往代表作者的首要立场。而on the otherhand一般是并列关系，也就是前后句子或者观点没有轻重之分，是并列的，一般是两个事情的对比，而不是转折。
雅思表达常见错误6：by doing this, in this way被认为是as a result, therefore, as aconsequence 等
例子：Many people work long hours. By doing this, they may suffer poorhealth.
评讲：一般by doing this, in thisway都是用在人们有计划地做某个事情，最后为了达到一定目的，或者效果。那么，显然不可能后面出现不好的结果，譬如说poor health。因此在这里用as aresult最好。
雅思表达常见错误7：as a result, therefore, thus, as a consequence 都是连接词，而不是连词
例子：many people today prefer to use mobile phones to communicate with theirfriends, as a result, the face-to-face contact declines.
评讲：as a result类似于副词，没有连词的功能，所以前面要用句号或者；号
雅思表达常见错误8：thereby 不是therefore的替换词
例子：Many libraries have Internet connection now, thereby, people can doresearch online.
评讲：thereby的习惯用法是thereby+doing something, 不能违反这个规则，千万不要以为thereby用了比therefore高大上
雅思表达常见错误9：in order to 一般是表示有目的地去做某个事情，要注意逻辑主语，而且一般不会用否定
例子：Governments should not invest in the arts, in order to save money.
评讲：这个句子用否定读起来很不通顺，用governments should cut down on the spending on the arts,in order to save money.
雅思表达常见错误10：with如果加名词，往往是表示“有了…”，后面一般不加负面的东西
例子：With pollution, many people will have health problems.
评讲：pollution是不好的东西，用with很怪异，用because of好一点
常见雅思写作高分句型
见的两种。
雅思写作高分句型一， 定语从句。
这应该算是雅思写作中最常用的一种句型之一，适当地运用定语从句可以给你的文章增色不少，也是一个能使大家雅思写作拿高分的必备句型。
例如，下面的这两个句子用上定语从句马上就变成了一个漂亮的复杂句。
Bad books contain evil thoughts. In them, there might be much description about violence, superstition, and sex。
→ Bad books, in which there might be much description about violence, superstition, and sex, contain evil thoughts。
雅思写作高分句型二， 状语从句。
在雅思写作高分句型当中运用的最多的是以下五种状语从句，即原因状语从句，让步状语从句，条件状语从句，时间状语从句和目的状语从句。
1. 原因状语从句：常由because, as, since和for引导
Eg: Nonetheless, I am still in favor of space travel, for its merits far outweigh demerits。
尽管如此，我还是赞成太空探险，因为它的好处远远大于坏处。
2. 让步状语从句：常由although, though, even though/ if, as long as和notwithstanding引导
Eg: Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place。
尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。
3. 条件状语从句：常由if, on the condition that和providing that引导
Eg: If you want to achieve something or intend to fulfill one of your ambitions, you must work hard, make efforts and get prepared。
假如你要取得成就或要实现你的雄心壮志，你必须努力工作、艰苦奋斗、准备好条件。
4. 时间状语从句：常由when和while引导
Eg: When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study。
说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。
5. 目的状语从句： 常由so that和in order that引导
Eg: Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market。
成千上万的人们不得不花费更多的精力和时间学习新的技术和知识，使得他们在就业市场能保持优势。
有效学习雅思写作高分模板
雅思写作观点选择类型的题目：
A or B ,which one do you agree with? Give specific reasons for your answer。
(A,B 表示供选择的两种观点。Do C 指题目中提及的某件事情。如：some people prefer A in order to Do C。)
观点选择类型的雅思写作模板：
模板一：
As for the question that which is better, A or B, different people have different opinions. A has its advantages, but at the mean time, it has many disadvantages。
In my point of view, I would prefer B. First of all, (1) 支持 B 的原因之一。
For example, (2) 举例说明支持 B 的原因之一。
Another reason is that (3) 支持 B 的原因之二。
The third reason, however, goes this way: (4) 支持 B 的原因之三。
So from what has been discussed, one can reach only this conclusion that (5) 重申观点。
模板二：
Some people believe A, they point out the fact that (1) 人们支持 A 的原因。However, other people believe B. They hold that (2) 人们支持 B 的原因。
As far as I’m concerned, I prefer A. As we all know (3) 我支持 A 的原因之一。
I remember (4) 举例说明。
In addition, (5) 我支持 A 的原因之二。
On the other hand, (6) 从反面论证 A 的优势。
Last but not least, (7) 我支持 A 的原因之三。
As a matter of fact, there are also some disadvantages in A ，such as (8) 举例说明 A 的劣势。But these can be compensated by its advantages。
模板三：
There are two different views on the matter of DOING C. Some people believe that (1) 支持的观点 A。
By this , they argue that (2) 进一步阐述观点 A。
For example,(3) 举例说明。
Others hold, on the other hand, that (4) 反对的观点 B 。
Furthermore,(5) 进一步阐述观点 B。
For instance,(6) 举例说明观点 B 。
Considering the views on the two sides, I prefer to put weight to the pros rather than cons. personally, (7) 我支持 A 的原因。
表层次：
first,firstly to begin with further in the first place
second,secondly to start with still furthermore
third,thirdly what is more last last but not least
also and then next besides
and equally important too moreover
besides in addtion finally
2)表转折；
by contrast although though yet
at the same time but despitethe fact that even so
in contrast nevertheless even though for all that
notwithstanding on the contarary however in spite of
on the other hand otherwise instead still
regardless
3)表因果；
therfore consequently because of for the reason
thus hence due to owing to
so accordingly thanks to on this account
since as on that account in this way
for as a result as a consequence
4）表让步：
still nevertheless concession granted naturally
in spite of all the same of course despite
even so after all
5)表递近：
furthermore moreover likewise what is more
besides also not only...but also...
too in addtion
6)表举例：
for example for instance for one thing that is
to illustrate as an illustration a case in point
7)表解释：
as a matter of fact frankly speaking in this case namely
in other words
8)表总结：〖本网整理该文章，版权归原作者、原出处所有。〗
in summary in a word thus as has been said
in brief in conclusion altogether in other words
to conclude in fact finally in simpler terms
indeed in short in particular that is
in other words of course on the whole to put it differently
namely in all therefore to summarize
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